Part 4: Gut Metabolite Signalling Questions 31–40 Complete the notes below. Write ONE WORD AND/OR A NUMBER for each answer. Gut Metabolite Signalling Metabolites: Short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) produced when microbes ferment dietary 31 …………………… include acetate, propionate and butyrate butyrate is also a fuel for 32 …………………… cells can affect gene expression by changing […]

Part 4: Allergy Immunotherapy Trends Questions 31–40 Complete the notes below. Write ONE WORD AND/OR A NUMBER for each answer. Allergy Immunotherapy Trends Basic principles treatment aims to develop 31 …………………… to allergens allergic reactions caused by release of 32 …………………… Traditional treatment: injections two stages of therapy:  – 33 …………………… phase (gradually increasing dose) […]

Part 4: Pollen Season Forecasting Questions 31–40 Complete the notes below. Write ONE WORD ONLY for each answer. Pollen Season Forecasting Early research on pollen Pollen is produced by plants for their 31 …………………… process. Scientific study became possible after improvements in 32 …………………… . Early researchers connected pollen levels with increases in 33 …………………… […]

Part 4: Zoonotic Spillover Drivers Questions 31–40 Complete the notes below. Write NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS for each answer. Zoonotic Spillover Drivers Core conditions A zoonotic disease originates in animals but infects 31 …………………… Spillover requires sustained 32 …………………… with humans Early risk increased after animal 33 …………………… about 10,000 years ago Modern drivers […]

Part 4: Vector-Borne Disease Ecology Definition and Carriers Diseases are spread by organisms known as vectors (e.g., mosquitoes, ticks and 31 ……………………). Pathogens involved include bacteria, viruses, or 32 …………………… (e.g., malaria). Environmental Influences Higher temperatures lead to faster 33 …………………… rates in insects. Changes in land use, such as construction, can provide new 34 […]

Part 4: Wastewater Epidemiology Questions 31–40 Complete the notes below. Write ONE WORD ONLY for each answer. Wastewater Epidemiology Basic principles and early uses Human bodies release biological 31 …………………… which enter the sewage system. 1990s: scientists estimated levels of illicit drug 32 …………………… across cities. A major benefit of this approach is 33 …………………… […]

Part 4: Organic Childhood Diets Questions 31–40 Complete the notes below. Write ONE WORD ONLY for each answer. Nutritional composition Organic crops contain higher levels of specific 31 …………………… Absence of synthetic chemicals improves the soil’s 32 …………………… Children absorb more essential 33 …………………… from organic dairy. Cognitive effects The ‘Greenstone Study’ linked organic diets […]

Part 4: Origins of International Labour Day Questions 31–40 Complete the notes below. Write ONE WORD ONLY for each answer. Early industrial shifts Massive 31 …………………… from rural areas to urban centers. Main concern for workers was a lack of basic 32 …………………… in factories. Workers began to realize the importance of 33 …………………… among […]

Part 4: Nanofibre Filtration Questions 31–40 Complete the notes below Write ONE WORD ONLY for each answer Nanofibre Filtration: lecture notes Complete the notes below. Write ONE WORD AND/OR A NUMBER for each answer. Overview Nanofibre filters are composed of exceptionally thin [31] __________________ fibres. Their efficiency is closely related to a high surface [32] […]

Part 4: Salinity Intrusion Mapping Questions 31–40 Complete the notes below Write ONE WORD ONLY for each answer Mapping Salinity Intrusion in Coastal Deltas Background Salinity intrusion happens when seawater moves into 31 __________________ water systems. The main trigger is reduced river flow during the 32 __________________ season. Why mapping is needed Intrusion can make […]