Part 4: History of Salt

Section 4 – Questions 31–40

Complete the notes below.

Write ONE WORD ONLY for each answer.

Keys

1. health

2. salary

3. forest

4. October

5. king

6. beer

7. deserts

8. concentrated

9. shipping

10. transport

Transcript

Part 4: You will hear part of the presentation about the early history of salt.

Speaker: In my presentation, I’m going to talk about salt.

Speaker: In modern times, when we talk about salt, people may associate it with high blood pressure or increased heart risk, and many health experts warn that we should use less salt in our meals and dishes. However, we should not ignore its importance in our cuisine and even in early human history. Salt is one of the oldest, most ubiquitous food seasonings. The taste of salt is one of the basic human tastes. More importantly, salt plays an indispensable role in the health of human beings. For example, it regulates the body’s acid-base balance.

Speaker: Because of its importance to survival, salt has often been considered a valuable commodity during human history. This can be tracked all the

way back to Ancient Greece, Ancient Egypt, and Ancient Rome, when salt was highly valued and used as a method of trade and currency. In Ancient Rome, the busiest road leading to the city was the Via Salaria, which means the salt route in English. A soldier’s pay, which partly consisted of salt, was known as Salarium Argentum in Latin, from which we derived the English word salary. A soldier’s salary was cut if he was not worth his salt, an expression still used today.

Speaker: In fact, salt was not only the first condiment discovered, but also the first preservative. We know today that food goes bad because microorganisms in the food multiply in abundance, and a high salt environment is not conducive to microbial reproduction. Extremely high concentrations of salt can even kill microorganisms in the food. The ancients certainly didn’t know this, but they did know that salted food can be preserved for a long time.

Speaker: The use of salt as a preservative can be traced to Ancient Sweden. At first, hunting was the principal means of livelihood. In this case, meat supplies were unlikely to be frequent. What’s more, fewer animals were available for hunting. In order to ensure the supply of meat, many families in Sweden began to raise animals in the surrounding forests during the summer, when the weather was suitable for animals to survive. These animals were fed every day until about three to four months later. That’s in October, they were ready to be butchered for meat, and that was the only month when Ancient Swedish people had fresh meat on their table.

Speaker: Then, with the continuous increase in productivity, people finally had some meat left. However, how to store the meat had become a headache, until someone invented a whole new way to preserve food, salting. People tried to keep meat from going bad by adding some salt to it, and it could be preserved for several months and even years. There was evidence that salt was widely used to preserve meat. Historical documents in 1573 recorded the Swedish king’s everyday meals, mentioning that 175 pounds of meat was consumed each year, but over 150 pounds was salty. From this, we can clearly see the importance of salt in Sweden at that time. In addition, the documents also noted the annual sales of beer in Sweden soared during that period, and this must be related to high levels of salt in their food.

Speaker: Now let’s turn to the sources of salt. Where is salt from? Well, salt is common in nature. It has long been found that salt can be extracted from seawater, mineral deposits, saline lakes, brine, spring, etc., among which the two most important ones are oceans and basins. On the floor of the latter, often lied deserts, where traces of salt can be found, such as the Sahara.

Speaker: Furthermore, the quality of different salt types varies a lot, for example, salt from seawater is always mixed with impurities, so after the salt is dried the sediments and other chemicals need to be purified before eating. However, this is not the case with salt from spring water. We can hardly find any impurities, and the salt level is much more concentrated.

Speaker: Then how did people distribute salt around the world? Of course, in modern times we have various ways of transporting goods, but in ancient times it was not the case. Take ancient Sweden we mentioned before as an example. Because of the heavy use of salt in the diet, Sweden could not feed itself and had to import large amounts of salt from other countries. In order to make sure they could buy enough salt from abroad, the Swedish had to attach great importance to shipping and keep it undamaged, as it was the most crucial way at that time.

Speaker: While in other ancient countries, in order to distribute salt to other places, groups of men were employed. They put bags of salt on their shoulders or backs and moved them to the surrounding regions, and gradually these people were considered as a mode of transport in early times. Later, with the improvement of traffic conditions, salt trade between different regions was boosted, and long-distance food trade was also promoted, making communication between different cultures more frequent and…