Questions 31- 40
Complete the notes below
Write ONE WORD ONLY for each answer
Transhumance
Two Types of Transhumance
● fixed: mainly in countries with predictable seasons, e.g. Switzerland
● nomadic: in areas with unpredictable climatic conditions. e.g. Somalia
Study on the Movement of Pastoralists
● for fixed transhumance, the pattern of movement is described as 31 …………………………
● while for nomadic transhumance, the pattern is more complex and varied
Differences in terms of Homes
● fixed transhumance live in a semi-permanent shelter on high ground such as 32………………….
● nomadic transhumance always stay in portable shelters, e.g. homes of the Gabra people carried on 33 ………………………..
Number of People Involved
● for fixed transhumance only 34 ………………………………. pastoralists make the journey
● however, all nomadic transhumance migrate with their livestock
Diet and Goods
● people who do not leave the valleys may become 35 …………………………..
● exchange animals with other communities for 36 ……………………………..
● herds provide all needs-food and 37 ………………………………..
Research in Algeria in North Africa
● they traditionally arrive in time to help local resident with the 38 ………………………
● their homes are 39 ……………………………… which are temporary shelter
● a better to describe this type of transhumance might be 40 ………………………….
Keys
vertical
cabin
camel
Young
famer(s)
grain
clothing
harvest
tents
intermediate
Transcripts
You will hear a lecturer in Development Studies talking about transhumans. That is the way groups of people move from place to place with their animals.
Good afternoon, everyone. Today I’m going to talk about what may be a new concept to you, the movement of people with their herds of animals from place to place. This is known as transhumans. These peoples are pastoralists, and their animals include cows, sheep, goats, horses, camels, and reindeer.
Now, researchers sometimes make a distinction between two types of transhumans, fixed and nomadic, and talk about various factors which differentiate between them.
The first and most important distinction they make is to do with the climate. Fixed transhumans occurs in countries such as Switzerland, where seasons are predictable in terms of weather and timing. Nomadic transhumans, on the other hand, is generally practiced in areas where climatic conditions are difficult to predict. An example of such a location is Somalia, as the anticipated rains often just don’t appear.
Secondly, researchers sometimes look at the type of journey that pastoralists make, their movement. For fixed transhumans, the pattern is sometimes known as vertical, because it typically consists of a journey from lower ground in the winter season to higher ground in the summer, and vice versa. In the wild, of course, animals frequently follow these kinds of migration patterns themselves. Nomadic transhumans generally takes place over a longer distance, and it’s far more complex. The actual pattern varies from year to year, and it’s determined primarily by the animals’ needs for grass and also for water.
Another distinction is sometimes made in terms of homes. In the case of fixed transhumans, the group will typically have permanent homes in the valley and a shelter, which is semi-permanent in the mountains, such as a cabin, to offer some protection from the weather. In nomadic transhumans, however, the pastoralists always live in temporary shelters, which are transported by their livestock from place to place, and are usually light and portable. In northern Kenya, for example, the Gabra pastoralist carries the frame of his home on his camel, and then covers it with branches when he stops for the night.
A fourth factor often mentioned is the number of people taking part. In the case of fixed transhumans, only the people who actually look after the herds travel. These are normally the young ones, because they can withstand adverse physical conditions more easily. By contrast, in nomadic transhumans, the whole group moves with their livestock.
The last points of comparison often made by researchers are diet and goods. In fixed transhumans, those who do not move from the valleys often start working as farmers, cultivating the land. They build up contacts with other communities, and in some cases, they may also trade animals for grain. In nomadic transhumans, there are fewer contacts. The group are generally regarded as providers of all their own needs, and they obtain food such as cheese and meat and also their clothing from their herds.
Another example is found in Algeria in North Africa. To see how far this model applies to transhumans there. Fixed transhumans from valley to mountain pastures is common in the area, but some recent pastoralists also take their herds on longer journeys at the end of spring, from the Sahara in the south to the plains in the north, where there is more abundant rainfall. They have traditionally assisted local farmers with the harvest, which takes place while they are temporarily a resident there. We have to decide whether their move would fall within the category of fixed or nomadic transhumans. It is true they live in tents and these are movable and temporary right through the year, whether they are in the Sahara or in the north of Algeria. So, in considering their homes, they appear nomadic. On the other hand, in relation to their patterns of movement, they do not. They drive their livestock through the same passes in mountains each year, which suggests fixed transhumans.
Here, in fact, we have a case showing some features of both types of transhumans, which we might more precisely refer to as intermediate. This all goes to show that you should treat every theory with great care and not force your case history into a model if it doesn’t fit.
